Introduction to Quantum
Core 1
📂 List of Contents
- 📅 Week 0 - Welcome to the Quantum World (Click here)
- Introduction to the Quantum World
- Brief Description of this Course
- Course Overview
- Important and Relevant Bibliography
- The Necessary Frameworks/Tools for this Course
- Some Interesting Communities and Groups
- The Author of this Course
- Credits and Special Thanks
- Proposed Exercises
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 1 - What is the Quantum? (Click here)
- From Classical Physics/Mechanics to Quantum Physics/Mechanics
- Definition of Quantum
- What is the Quantum Physics/Mechanics?
- What is the Quantization?
- What is an Atom?
- The Components of an Atom
- The Components of an Atom Demonstrated by the Bohr’s Model
- Understanding the Components of an Atom
- The Atoms and the Periodic Table
- Atom vs. Particles vs. Molecules
- Understanding the Molecules
- Molecules: Elements vs. Compounds
- The Quantization of the Hydrogen Atom
- Classical Physics/Mechanics vs. Quantum Physics/Mechanics
- From Classical Physics/Mechanics to Quantum Physics/Mechanics
- Brief Timeline of Quantum Physics/Mechanics
- Examples of Mathematical and Algebraic Formulations of Quantum Physics/Mechanics
- From Quantum Physics/Mechanics to Computing Models
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 2 - What is the Quantum Computing? (Click here)
- Beyond the Computing Power
- Motivations (Part I)
- Introduction
- Moore’s Law
- Computing Power and Speed
- Computing Efficiency
- Types of Transistors
- Bipolar Junction Transistors (B.J.T.s)
- Field Effect Transitors (F.E.T.s)
- Overview of Transistors’ Types
- Motivations (Part II)
- Computers’ Prototypes, Storage and Software
- Internet, Networks and Communications
- New Computers’ Classes and Models
- Retrospectives
- Need for More Powerful Computing Machines
- The Emergence of a New Era of Computers
- A Philosophical Overview
- Definition of Quantum Computing
- How Quantum Computing works?
- Classical Computing vs. Quantum Computing
- Relationship with Computational Complexity Theory
- Final Remarks of the Current State of Computational Complexity Theory
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 3 - Timeline of the Quantum Computing (Click here)
- Quantum Computing through the History
- Quantum Computing over the years Worldwide
- Quantum Computing over the years in Portugal
- Relevant Contributors for the Studies about Quantum Computing
- Scientific Applications of Quantum Computing
- Field Effect Transitors (F.E.T.s)
- Breaking Paradigms
- Current State of Art and Research
- Research & Development Projects in Quantum Computing
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain only theoretical lectures
- 📅 Week 4 - The Quantum Computers (Click here)
- Understanding this New Family of Computing Machines
- What is a Quantum Computer?
- Concerns and Cautions about the Behaviour of Quantum Computers
- Challenges and Obstacles
- CPUs vs. GPUs vs. QPUs
- Presenting the IBM Q System
- Components of the IBM Q System
- IBM Q Experience
- Qiskit Framework Stack
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain only theoretical lectures
©️ License
- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Introduction to Quantum Computing
Core 2
📂 List of Contents:
- 📅 Week 5 - Understanding the Quantum Information (Click here)
- Encoding Quantum Nature through Information
- What is the Concept of Information?
- What is an Unit of Information?
- What is an Unit of Measurement?
- What is Data?
- What is Knowledge?
- Classical Information
- Classical Units of Information
- Classical Data Storage
- Practical Examples of Used Sizes of Units of Information
- What is a Bit?
- Classical Information Theory
- Quantum Information
- Quantum Units of Information
- Quantum Data Storage
- What is a Qubit?
- Bloch Sphere
- Bit vs. Pbit vs. Qubit - Comparison Between Basic Units of Information
- Quantum Theory
- Quantum Information Theory
- Practical Exercises
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 6 - Mathematics and Logics on the Basis of Quantum (Click here)
- The Mathematics Beyond Quantum
- What is Linear Algebra?
- Reviewing Linear Algebra
- What is a Matrix?
- Matrices’ Notations
- Commonly Known Types of Matrices
- Matrices’ Operations
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 7 - The Fundamentals of Quantum Computing (Click here)
- From Quantum Physics/Mechanics to Computing
- Quantum Superposition
- Quantum Superposition through Practical Experiments
- The Schrödinger’s Cat Experiment
- The Spinning Coin Experiment
- Other Examples of Quantum Superposition
- The Folk Tale of the Rooster of Barcelos
- Portuguese Expressions and Slangs
- Portuguese Oxymorphs
- The Persona’s Dilemma of Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader
- Pirates of the Caribbean’s Dillema, the Curse of the Black Pearl
- Avengers’ Quest for Inifinity Stones, Iron Man vs. Thanos
- The Alter Egos of Bruce Wayne, Billionaire Entrepreneur/Superhero
- Pottermore Sorting Hat Test, the Harry Potter’s Dilemma
- Fawkes, the Harry Potter’s Phoenix
- The Night King’s conversion of Living Beings to White Walkers
- The Love’s/Throne’s Dilemma of Daenerys Targaryen and Jon Snow
- The Cylinders’ Dilemma (2D Plane Views/Representations)
- Baggels’ Paradox (Donuts or Pizzas)
- The Hyperbolic Paraboloids’ Dilemma (Geometric Solids or Snack Chips)
- My Future Perspectives/Plans(Academic’s/Industrial’s Dilemma)
- My Master Thesis’ Theme/Subject(The Biggest Dilemma of My Life)
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
©️ License
- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Discovering the Quantum Computing
Core 3
Dolor sit amet?
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin vestibulum non mi non pulvinar. Donec tempus risus vel ex fringilla tempor. Vivamus pharetra non mauris quis fermentum. Vestibulum sed maximus elit, sit amet suscipit orci. Morbi at enim at libero dignissim egestas vel ac nisi. Etiam at lectus a arcu sodales consequat. Aliquam consequat ligula sed purus tincidunt, a ultrices nibh dapibus. Phasellus convallis ipsum nec semper ultricies. In facilisis lacus velit, sit amet lacinia velit blandit id. Nullam ut magna erat. Aliquam sit amet dapibus odio, aliquet tempus tortor. Donec in nisi massa.
Aliquam suscipit.
Cras eget nisl accumsan, porta nisl in, egestas sapien. Vestibulum gravida nulla sed facilisis tempor. Suspendisse maximus nisi sit amet velit sodales fringilla. Vivamus luctus risus eget dui consectetur porttitor. Maecenas ut ultrices orci. Maecenas mollis est eu sodales mollis. Nulla facilisi. Suspendisse eros arcu, elementum sed sem eu, pharetra rhoncus odio. Proin nec tincidunt velit. Cras nisl augue, faucibus sed mauris in, vestibulum mollis nisl. Nam id libero ultrices, consequat ex vitae, convallis nulla.
Suspendisse lorem odio, blandit at nisl quis, hendrerit tempus tellus. Donec eget leo quis nisi vulputate consectetur. Praesent dignissim enim elit, congue luctus nisl cursus at. Sed rutrum molestie risus. Donec vulputate gravida accumsan. Vivamus tempus ullamcorper eleifend. Sed sagittis mi ut dolor tincidunt, ac rutrum nisi commodo.
Fusce non elit in diam rutrum vestibulum. Donec vitae elementum erat. Praesent elementum eget justo at bibendum. Fusce interdum diam lorem, ut placerat elit pretium quis. Quisque eu urna at quam commodo sagittis. Etiam posuere convallis tincidunt. Phasellus vitae ligula neque. Vivamus a purus at dolor iaculis placerat. Curabitur convallis eu lacus congue sagittis.
Aliquam suscipit fermentum mauris a accumsan. In facilisis, mauris quis pulvinar tempus, turpis sapien sodales nibh, nec feugiat augue est quis nisi. Fusce eget odio feugiat, luctus quam et, dapibus nulla. Sed ornare lacus non libero lacinia pretium. In eu dui vitae purus euismod feugiat ac ac est. Morbi vitae pretium lorem, non eleifend felis. Nullam at massa feugiat, rutrum elit at, semper lacus. Etiam vel rutrum felis. Nullam quis auctor lorem, et tempor arcu.
Practicing the Quantum Computing
Core 4
Dolor sit amet?
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin vestibulum non mi non pulvinar. Donec tempus risus vel ex fringilla tempor. Vivamus pharetra non mauris quis fermentum. Vestibulum sed maximus elit, sit amet suscipit orci. Morbi at enim at libero dignissim egestas vel ac nisi. Etiam at lectus a arcu sodales consequat. Aliquam consequat ligula sed purus tincidunt, a ultrices nibh dapibus. Phasellus convallis ipsum nec semper ultricies. In facilisis lacus velit, sit amet lacinia velit blandit id. Nullam ut magna erat. Aliquam sit amet dapibus odio, aliquet tempus tortor. Donec in nisi massa.
Aliquam suscipit.
Cras eget nisl accumsan, porta nisl in, egestas sapien. Vestibulum gravida nulla sed facilisis tempor. Suspendisse maximus nisi sit amet velit sodales fringilla. Vivamus luctus risus eget dui consectetur porttitor. Maecenas ut ultrices orci. Maecenas mollis est eu sodales mollis. Nulla facilisi. Suspendisse eros arcu, elementum sed sem eu, pharetra rhoncus odio. Proin nec tincidunt velit. Cras nisl augue, faucibus sed mauris in, vestibulum mollis nisl. Nam id libero ultrices, consequat ex vitae, convallis nulla.
Suspendisse lorem odio, blandit at nisl quis, hendrerit tempus tellus. Donec eget leo quis nisi vulputate consectetur. Praesent dignissim enim elit, congue luctus nisl cursus at. Sed rutrum molestie risus. Donec vulputate gravida accumsan. Vivamus tempus ullamcorper eleifend. Sed sagittis mi ut dolor tincidunt, ac rutrum nisi commodo.
Fusce non elit in diam rutrum vestibulum. Donec vitae elementum erat. Praesent elementum eget justo at bibendum. Fusce interdum diam lorem, ut placerat elit pretium quis. Quisque eu urna at quam commodo sagittis. Etiam posuere convallis tincidunt. Phasellus vitae ligula neque. Vivamus a purus at dolor iaculis placerat. Curabitur convallis eu lacus congue sagittis.
Aliquam suscipit fermentum mauris a accumsan. In facilisis, mauris quis pulvinar tempus, turpis sapien sodales nibh, nec feugiat augue est quis nisi. Fusce eget odio feugiat, luctus quam et, dapibus nulla. Sed ornare lacus non libero lacinia pretium. In eu dui vitae purus euismod feugiat ac ac est. Morbi vitae pretium lorem, non eleifend felis. Nullam at massa feugiat, rutrum elit at, semper lacus. Etiam vel rutrum felis. Nullam quis auctor lorem, et tempor arcu.
Solving with the Quantum Computing
Core 5
📂 List of Contents:
- 📅 Week 17 - Communicating with Each Others (Click here)
- Introduction to the Communications
- What is Communication?
- What is a Network?
- What is the Internet?
- What is the Cyber-Security?
- What is Cryptography?
- Linking the World through Communications
- What is a Network?
- What is the Internet?
- W.W.W. (World Wide Web)
- Types of Communications
- Classical Communications
- Quantum Communications
- Topologies of Networks
- P2P (Peer-To-Peer) Networks
- Mesh Networks
- Ring Networks
- Star Networks
- Types of Internet
- Classical Internet
- Quantum Internet
- Types of Cryptography
- Classical Cryptography
- Post-Quantum Cryptography
- Quantum Cryptography
- Roadmap of Cryptography
- Practical Exercises
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 18 - Interacting with the Classical Communications (Part 1) (Click here)
- Revising the Classical Communications
- Classical Internet
- Classical Communication Channel
- Classical Networks
- Communication Data Packet
- O.S.I. Model (Open System Interconnection Model)
- Protocol Layering/Encapsuling
- Layer Architecture
- Layer 1: Physical Layer
- Layer 2: Data Link Layer
- Layer 3: Network Layer
- Layer 4: Transport Layer
- Layer 5: Session Layer
- Layer 6: Presentation Layer
- Layer 7: Application Layer
- Classical Internet Protocols
- TCP/IP Protocol Stack
- Layer Architecture
- Layer 1: Link Layer
- MAC (Media Access Control)
- Ethernet
- Wi-Fi
- DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) / ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
- Layer 2: Internet Layer
- IP (Internet Protocol)
- IPv4 (Internet Protocol - Version 4)
- IPv6 (Internet Protocol - Version 6)
- IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
- Layer 3: Transport Layer
- TCP. (Transmission Control Protocol)
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
- Layer 4: Application Layer
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
- DNS (Domain Name System)
- HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
- HTPPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)
- IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
- POP (Post Office Protocol)
- RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol)
- RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol)
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- SSH (Secure SHell)
- Telnet
- TLS (Transport Layer Security) / SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
- Wi-Fi Amplifiers/Boosters
- Wi-Fi Extenders
- Wi-Fi Repeaters
- Practical Exercises
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 19 - Interacting with the Classical Communications (Part 2) (Click here)
- Classical Cryptography
- Symmetric Cryptography
- Asymmetric Cryptography
- Practical Exercises
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 20 - Interacting with the Classical Communications (Part 3) (Click here)
- Distributed Networks
- What is a Distributed System?
- Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Systems
- The Byzantine Generals’ Problem
- Consensus Algorithms
- Case Studies
- Not Fully-Decentralized Consensus Algorithms
- Paxos
- Raft
- Practical Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (PBFT)
- Ripple Protocol
- Fully-Decentralized Consensus
- Proof Of Work (PoW)
- Proof Of Burn (PoB)
- Proof Of Capacity (PoC)
- Proof Of Stake (PoS)
- Proof Of Elapsed-Time (PoET)
- Casper Protocol (from Ethereum 2.0)
- Blockchains
- Permissioned (Private) Blockchains
- Case Studies
- IBM HyperLedger (HL)
- CORDA
- Permissionless (Public) Blockchains
- Case Studies
- BitCoin (BTC)
- Ethereum (ETH)
- Cloud Systems
- Case Studies
- Cloudlets
- Fog Computing
- Edge Computing
- Practical Exercises
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 21 - Interacting with the Quantum Communications (Part 1) (Click here)
- Revising some Important Principles from Quantum Physics/Mechanics
- Quantum Measurement of States
- Quantum Observer’s Effect
- Quantum Entanglement
- Revising Quantum Logic Gates/Operators for Quantum Communications
- Hadamard (H)
- CNOT (CX)
- Quantum Entanglement with 2 Parties
- Bell State
- EPR (Einstein-Podolski-Rosen) Pairs
- Quantum Entanglement with 3 (or More) Parties
- GHZ (Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger) State
- Quantum Teleportation
- Superdense Coding
- Revising some Theorems and Proofs from Quantum Physics/Mechanics
- Bell Inequalities
- No-Cloning Theorem
- No-Deletion Theorem
- Practical Exercises
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
- 📅 Week 22 - Interacting with the Quantum Communications (Part 2) (Click here)
- Introducing the Quantum Communications
- Quantum Internet
- Quantum Communication Channel
- Quantum Networks
- Initial Assumptions
- Classical Networks vs. Quantum Networks
- Case Studies
- Quantum Repeaters
- Post-Quantum Cryptography
- Lattice-Based Cryptography
- Hash-Based Cryptography
- Code-Based Cryptography
- Multivariate Cryptography
- Quantum Cryptography
- QKDs (Quantum Key Distributions)
- Polarization-Based
- BB84 Protocol
- T12 Protocol
- Decoy State Protocol
- SARG04 Protocol
- Six-State Protocol
- B92 Protocol
- Entanglement-Based
- E91 Protocol
- BBM92 protocol
- Others
- MSZ96 Protocol
- COW Protocol
- DPS Protocol
- KMB09 Protocol
- HDQKD Protocol (High-Dimensional Quantum Key Distribution)
- Full Quantum Crypotography Protocols
- Three-Stage Quantum Cryptography Protocol
- Practical Exercises
⚠️ Notes:
- This week will contain theoretical lectures and practical exercises
Exploring the Quantum Computing
Core 6
Dolor sit amet?
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin vestibulum non mi non pulvinar. Donec tempus risus vel ex fringilla tempor. Vivamus pharetra non mauris quis fermentum. Vestibulum sed maximus elit, sit amet suscipit orci. Morbi at enim at libero dignissim egestas vel ac nisi. Etiam at lectus a arcu sodales consequat. Aliquam consequat ligula sed purus tincidunt, a ultrices nibh dapibus. Phasellus convallis ipsum nec semper ultricies. In facilisis lacus velit, sit amet lacinia velit blandit id. Nullam ut magna erat. Aliquam sit amet dapibus odio, aliquet tempus tortor. Donec in nisi massa.
Aliquam suscipit.
Cras eget nisl accumsan, porta nisl in, egestas sapien. Vestibulum gravida nulla sed facilisis tempor. Suspendisse maximus nisi sit amet velit sodales fringilla. Vivamus luctus risus eget dui consectetur porttitor. Maecenas ut ultrices orci. Maecenas mollis est eu sodales mollis. Nulla facilisi. Suspendisse eros arcu, elementum sed sem eu, pharetra rhoncus odio. Proin nec tincidunt velit. Cras nisl augue, faucibus sed mauris in, vestibulum mollis nisl. Nam id libero ultrices, consequat ex vitae, convallis nulla.
Suspendisse lorem odio, blandit at nisl quis, hendrerit tempus tellus. Donec eget leo quis nisi vulputate consectetur. Praesent dignissim enim elit, congue luctus nisl cursus at. Sed rutrum molestie risus. Donec vulputate gravida accumsan. Vivamus tempus ullamcorper eleifend. Sed sagittis mi ut dolor tincidunt, ac rutrum nisi commodo.
Fusce non elit in diam rutrum vestibulum. Donec vitae elementum erat. Praesent elementum eget justo at bibendum. Fusce interdum diam lorem, ut placerat elit pretium quis. Quisque eu urna at quam commodo sagittis. Etiam posuere convallis tincidunt. Phasellus vitae ligula neque. Vivamus a purus at dolor iaculis placerat. Curabitur convallis eu lacus congue sagittis.
Aliquam suscipit fermentum mauris a accumsan. In facilisis, mauris quis pulvinar tempus, turpis sapien sodales nibh, nec feugiat augue est quis nisi. Fusce eget odio feugiat, luctus quam et, dapibus nulla. Sed ornare lacus non libero lacinia pretium. In eu dui vitae purus euismod feugiat ac ac est. Morbi vitae pretium lorem, non eleifend felis. Nullam at massa feugiat, rutrum elit at, semper lacus. Etiam vel rutrum felis. Nullam quis auctor lorem, et tempor arcu.